a gentile

Gentile

ἀκροβυστία, ας, ἡ (prob. from ἀκροποσθία [Hippocrates, Aph. 6, 19; Aristot., HA 1, 13, 493a, 29], connected by popular etymology w. βύειν; B-D-F §120, 4; Mlt-H. 277; found only in Bibl. and eccl. Gk.; Etym. Magn. p. 53, 47; Lampe).

① lit. prepuce, foreskin (opp. περιτομή). ἄνδρες ἀ. ἔχοντες uncircumcised people (=gentiles; cp. Gen 34:14) Ac 11:3.—1 Cor 7:18f. ἀπερίτμητος ἀκροβυστίᾳ w. uncircumcised foreskin B 9:5.

② fig. uncircumcision as a state of being Ro 2:25ff; Gal 5:6; 6:15. πιστεύειν διʼ ἀκροβυστίας to believe as an uncircumcised man, i.e. as a non-Judean or gentile Ro 4:11; B 13:7; cp. Ro 4:10–12. W. ref. to the sins of the gentile world νεκροὶ … τῇ ἀ. τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν dead through your uncircumcised (i.e. full of vice, in the gentile manner) flesh Col 2:13 (cp. Gen 17:11 σὰρξ τῆς ἀ.).

③ abstr. for concr. noncircumcised, gentiles i.e. non-Judeans (beside περιτομή) Ro 3:30; 4:9; Col 3:11; Eph 2:11. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς ἀ. the gospel for the gentile world (gospel of/about uncircumcision is less prob., for the corresponding statement about Peter would call for an unlikely emphasis on circumcision by Peter, and vs. 8 balances ἔθνη against περιτομή) Gal 2:7.—DELG s.v. ἀκ-44. M-M (no pap examples). TW.

ἔθνος, ους, τό (Hom.+).

① a body of persons united by kinship, culture, and common traditions, nation, people, τὸ ἔθνος τῆς Σαμαρείας the Samaritan people Ac 8:9 (cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 85). τῶν Ἰουδαίων 10:22 (Polyb. in Jos., Ant. 12, 135; Agatharchides: 86 Fgm. 20b Jac. [in Jos., Ant. 12, 6]; Diod S 34+35 Fgm. 1, 2 τὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἔθνος; Philo, Decal. 96 al.; Just., D. 56, 10 ὑμῶν al.) ἐ. the (specific) people, contextually the people of Israel (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 5, 15, 24; Did., Gen. 209, 14) J 11:48, 50ff; 18:35. δώδεκα ἔ. Hs 9, 17, 2.—B 13:2 (Gen 25:23); ἔθνη ἑπτὰ ἐν γῇ Χανάαν seven nations in Canaan Ac 13:19 (Dt 7:1). The people in contrast to heads of state 9:15. ἔθνος ἐπὶ ἔθνος one nation against another Mt 24:7; Mk 13:8; Lk 21:10 (cp. 2 Ch 15:6); πάντα τὰ ἔ. (Ar. 12, 1; Ath. 14, 2; cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 106 §440 ἐν ἔθνεσιν ἅπασι; Jos., Ant. 11, 215 ἅπαντα τὰ ἔ.) Mt 24:14; 28:19 (SKio, BT 41, ’90, 230–38, prefers 2 below); Mk 11:17 (Is 56:7); 13:10. More specif. πάντα τὰ ἔ. τοῦ κόσμου Lk 12:30; cp. ἅπαντα τὰ ἔ. 1 Cl 59:4; ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔ. 2 Cl 13:2. πᾶν ἔθνος ἀνθρώπων every nation of humankind Ac 17:26. ἄρχοντες ἐθνῶν Mt 20:25; also οἱ δοκοῦντες ἄρχειν τῶν ἐ. Mk 10:42; οἱ βασιλεῖς τῶν ἐ. Lk 22:25 (cp. Ath. 34, 2 ἡγεμόνας τῶν ἐ.).—In Mt 21:43 ἔ. (not gentiles) in contrast to the leaders described vv. 23; 45.

② (τὰ) ἔθνη people groups foreign to a specific people group (corresp. to Heb. גּוֹיִם in LXX; a nationalistic expression, also usu. in Gk. for foreigners: Aristot., Pol. 1324b, 10 [opp. Ἕλληνες]; Ael. Aristid. 45, p. 3 D.; Cass. Dio 36, 41; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 7, 4 [opp. ἡ Ἑλλάς]; IG II/1, 445 Fgm. ab, 8; Fgm. c, 5; 448, 15 and 17 [c. 150 B.C.]; SIG 760; PStras 22, 19; PFay 20, 11; this is an expression favored by Appian in Rome for foreign peoples in contrast to the Italians: Bell. Civ. 2, 26 §99; 2, 28 §107; 3, 35 §140; 4, 57 §246 and oft.; s. Nägeli 46; B-D-F §254, 3) in our lit.

ⓐ those who do not belong to groups professing faith in the God of Israel, the nations, gentiles, unbelievers (in effect=‘polytheists’) w. ἡγεμόνες κ. βασιλεῖς Mt 10:18. Named w. Israelites (Jos., Ant. 13, 196; cp. SibOr 3, 663; Just., A I, 53, 3ff and D. 123, 2 al.) Ac 14:5; 21:21; 26:17; Ro 3:29; 9:24; 15:10 (Dt 32:43); ISm 1:2. They, too, are to share in salvation (Did., Gen. 182, 19); cp. Ac 11:1, 18; 14:27; 15:3, 7; cp. 2 Cl 13:3 (Just., D. 26, 1 al.) (MKiddle, The Admission of the Gentiles in Lk and Ac: JTS 36, ’35, 160–73; JJeremias, Jesu Verheissung für die Völker ’56 [lit.], Eng. tr. Jesus’ Promise to the Nations ’58). But s. Mt 10:5f (MHooker, ET 82, ’71, 361–65). Their sacrificial rites 1 Cor 10:20 v.l. Paul as διδάσκαλος ἐθνῶν 1 Ti 2:7; 2 Ti 1:11 v.l. Contrasted w. Christians Hs 1:10. Offended by Christian behavior ITr 8:2.

ⓑ non-Israelite Christians, gentiles of Christian congregations composed of more than one nationality and not limited to people of Israel (οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν πιστεύοντες Orig., C. Cels. 2, 1, 9; 8, 29, 24): πᾶσαι αἱ ἐκκλησίαι τῶν ἐθνῶν Ro 16:4, and their members: μετὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν συνήσθιεν it was his custom to eat w. gentile (non-Israelite) Christians Gal 2:12; cp. vs. 14. ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν τῶν ἐθνῶν for you gentile Christians Eph 3:1. Somet. the word connotes Israelite allegations of religious and moral inferiority of gentiles Mt 6:32 (s. Goodsp., Probs., 26f); Lk 12:30; Hm 4, 1, 9; ἔ. καὶ ἁμαρτωλοί Hs 4:4 al. ἄνομα ἔ. lawless gentiles (= polytheists) MPol 9:2. Contrasted w. the δίκαιοι (w. ἀποστάται) Hv 1, 4, 2; cp. 2, 2, 5.—RFeldmeier/UHeckel, edd., Die Heiden ’94 (essays by a number of scholars); JLaGrand, Proliferation of the ‘Gentile’ in the NRSV: BR 41, ’96, 77–87 (against use of ‘Gentiles’ as a rendering of ἔθνη).—B. 1315; 1489. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἀλλόφυλος, ον (Aeschyl., Thu. et al.; BGU 34; 411; 419; 858; LXX; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 200; Jos., Bell. 5, 194, Ant. 1, 338 al.; Test12Patr; TestSol 6:4 P; Mel., P. 76, 554; 92, 692) alien, foreign, hence fr. the Judean viewpoint=gentiles, outsiders; subst. a gentile (opp. ἀνὴρ Ἰουδαῖος; cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 183) κολλᾶσθαι ἢ προσέρχεσθαι ἀ. associate w. or approach a gentile Ac 10:28; cp. 13:19 D. Esp. (as LXX) of the Philistines 1 Cl 4:13; or Amalekites B 12:2; or Canaanites AcPl Ha 8, 13; 15. ἡ παρεμβολὴ τῶν ἀ. the camp of the ‘aliens’ 1 Cl 55:4 (cp. Jdth 6:1 of the Assyrians and their allies). Of Christians (some of whom would be Israelites/Jews) in relation to Judeans Dg 5:17.—M-M. TW.

ἐθνικός, ή, όν (since Polyb. 30, 13, 6; BGU 1764, 13 [I B.C.] and Philo, Mos. 1, 69; 188=national; so also Jos., Ant. 12, 36) in our lit. pert. to nationhood foreign to a specific national group, w. focus on morality or belief, unbelieving, worldly, polytheistic (a Christian source in Kaibel 430, 6 [III/IV A.D.] ἐθνικῇ ἐν σοφίᾳ=in gentile learning) φιλίαι ἐθνικαί friendships w. unbelievers Hm 10, 1, 4. In the NT only as subst. ὁ ἐθνικός the non-Israelite/gentile in contrast to descendants of Abraham Mt 5:47; 6:7. W. τελώνης Mt 18:17.— 3J 7 evangelists look for support only fr. Christians.—M-M. TW.

Ἕλλην, ηνος, ὁ (s. Ἑλλάς; Hdt.+)

① a pers. of Greek language and culture, Greek (opp. βάρβαρος [ANikolaidis, Ἑλληνικός–βαρβαρικός, Plutarch on Greek and Barbarian Characteristics: WienerStud n.s. 20, ’86, 229–44] as Thu. 1, 1, 2 et al.; TestSol 6:8 PL; Philo, Ebr. 193 al.; Jos., Ant. 4, 12 al.; Just., D. 117, 5; Tat. 21, 3; s. UWilcken, Hellenen u. Barbaren: NJklA 17, 1906, 457–71; JJüthner, Hell. u. Bar. 1923; HRiesenfeld, ConNeot 9, ’44, 1ff) Ro 1:14 (cultured Romans affected interest in things Greek and would therefore recognize themselves under this term).

② in the broader sense, all persons who came under the influence of Greek, as distinguished from Israel’s, culture

ⓐ gentile, polytheist, Greco-Roman (2 Macc 4:36; 11:2; 3 Macc 3:8; 4 Macc 18:20; ViJon 1 [p. 82, 15 Sch.]; SibOr 5, 265; Praxagoras [Hist. IV A.D.]: 219 T 1, 8 [Phot., Bibl. 62, 8:219] Jac. τὴν θρησκείαν Ἕλλην; apolog.) J 7:35; Ac 9:29 v.l. and 11:20 v.l. (both for Ἑλληνιστάς); 16:1, 3; 21:28; 1 Cor 1:22; Gal 2:3; PtK 2 p. 14, 1 and 7; p. 15, 7; Dg 1; 3:3; 5:17. The expr. Ἰουδαῖοι καὶ Ἕλληνες, which clearly indicates Israel’s advantages fr. Judean perspective, embraces a broad range of nationalities, with Ἕλλην focusing on the polytheistic aspect: Ac 14:1; 18:4; 19:10, 17; 20:21; Ro 1:16; 2:9f; 3:9; 10:12; 1 Cor 1:24; 10:32; 12:13; Gal 3:28; Col 3:11 (CPJ 33, 6f=Mitt-Wilck. 55, 6 [III B.C.] παρὰ τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων does not mean to indicate that Judeans have any special privilege [despite the fact that Ἰ. comes before Ἑ.]. Here the expression expresses gentile perspective. Cp. also Epict. 2, 9, 19 τί ὑποκρίνῃ Ἰουδαῖον ὢν Ἕλλην=why do you play the part of a Judean, when you are actually a Greek?).

ⓑ used of non-Israelites/gentiles who expressed an interest in the cultic life of Israel (cp. Jos., Bell. 7, 45) J 12:20. οἱ σεβόμενοι Ἕλληνες God-fearing gentiles Ac 17:4.—On the use of the art. s. B-D-F §262, 2=Rehkopf §262, 3.—LWeniger, Jesus u. d. Griechen: NJklA 41, 1918, 477–80; JLeipoldt, Jesu Verh. zu Griech. u. Juden ’41; B. 1489.—Frisk s.v. Ἑλλάς. DELG s.v. Ἕλληνες. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ὥσπερ (Hom.+) gener. ‘just (as)’ marker of similarity between events and states

ⓐ in the protasis of a comparison, the apodosis of which begins w. οὕτως (καί) (just) as …, so (X., Mem. 1, 6, 14; Epict., Ench. 27; Dio Chrys. 17 [34], 44; 19 [36], 20; ParJer 7:26f; GrBar 4:16; ApcEsdr 1:14; 5:12; Just., D. 6, 2; Tat. 5, 2; POxy 1065, 6) Mt 12:40; 13:40; 24:27, 37; Lk 17:24; J 5:21, 26; Ro 5:19, 21; Js 2:26; Hv 3, 6, 6; 3, 11, 3; 4, 3, 4ab; m 10, 3, 3; Hs 3:3 al. Cp. ISm 8:2.—ὥσπερ …, ἵνα καί w. subjunctive (as a substitute for the impv.) 2 Cor 8:7. In anacoluthon w. the apodosis to be supplied Ro 5:12; ὥσπερ γάρ for it is just like (Plut., Mor. 7c) Mt 25:14. Cp. IMg 5:2. In sim. sense

ⓑ connecting w. what goes before μὴ σαλπίσῃς ὥσπερ οἱ ὑποκριταὶ ποιοῦσιν Mt 6:2. Cp. 20:28; 25:32; Hb 9:25; Rv 10:3; IEph 8:1; 21:2; IMg 4 (ὥσπερ καί, as PSI 486, 6 [258/257 B.C.]; PFay 106, 24; Just., D. 85, 3). ὥσπερ εἰσὶν θεοὶ πολλοί just as indeed there are many gods 1 Cor 8:5 (s. EvDobschütz, ZNW 24, 1925, 50). οὐχ ὥσπερ σύνταξιν τῶν κυριακῶν ποιούμενος λογίων (s. σύνταξις) Papias (2:15).—The ὥσπερ-clause is somet. shortened and needs to be supplemented (JosAs 28:8 τρέχοντες ὥσπερ ἔλαφοι; Just., D. 5, 6; Tat. 18, 2) μὴ βατταλογήσητε ὥσπερ οἱ ἐθνικοί (sc. βατταλογοῦσιν) Mt 6:7. Cp. Ac 3:17; 11:15; 1 Th 5:3; Hb 4:10; 7:27; Dg 5:3; IEph 8:2. Foll. by gen. abs. ἐγένετο ἦχος ὥσπερ φερομένης πνοῆς βιαίας Ac 2:2 (Jos., Bell. 2, 556 ὥσπερ βαπτιζομένης νεώς). εἰμὶ ὥσπερ τις I am like someone (JosAs 14:9) Lk 18:11. ἔστω σοι ὥσπερ ὁ ἐθνικός as far as you are concerned, let the pers. be as a gentile = treat the pers. as you would a gentile Mt 18:17. γενόμενος ὥσπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς καινὸς ἄνθρωπος become, as it were, a new person from the beginning Dg 2:1.—DELG s.v. 1 ὡς. M-M.

ἐθν-ικός, ή, όν,

A national,

συστάσεις Plb.30.13.6

;

διαστάσεις Id.4.21.2

;

χρεῖαι D.S.18.13

;

ἰδιότητες Phld.Rh.1.154

S.;

διαφοραί Str.2.3.1

.

II foreign, gentile, Ev.Matt.5.47;

ἐθνικῇ.. ἐν σοφία Epigr.Gr.430.6

. Adv. - κῶς, opp. Ἰουδαϊκῶς, Ep.Gal.2.14.

b in the Roman Empire, provincial, Cod. Just.12.63.2.6.

III Gramm., indicating nationality, Str.14.2.28, D.T.636.11, A.D.Synt.190.20. Adv. -κῶς, παραχθέν ib.5, cf. Str.4.1.1, D.L.7.56.

2 dialectal,

ἔθος A.D.Synt.46.1

.

IV ἐθνικός, ὁ, tax-collector, POxy.126.13 (vi A.D.).

Ἑλλην-ιστής, οῦ, ὁ,

A one who uses the Greek language: a Greek Jew, Act.Ap.6.1, etc.

II gentile, heathen, Jul.Ep. 84a.

ἔθνος, εος, τό: ( ϝέθνος, cf. Il.2.87, 7.115, al.): -

A number of people living together, company, body of men, ἑτάρων ἔ., ἔ. ἑταίρων, band of comrades, Il.3.32, 7.115, etc.; ἔθνος λαῶν host of men, 13.495; of particular tribes,

Αυκίων μέγα ἔ. 12.330

;

Ἀχαιῶν ἔ. 17.552

: pl.,

ἔθνεα πεζῶν 11.724

, cf. 2.91;

ἔ. νεκρῶν Od.10.526

; of animals, ἔ. μελισσάων, ὀρνίθων, μυιάων, swarms, flocks, etc., Il.2.87, 459, 469;

ἔθνη θηρῶν S.Ph. 1147

(lyr.), Ant. 344; ἔ. ἀνέρων, γυναικῶν, Pi.O.1.66, P.4.252; ἔ. βρότεον, θνατόν, Id.N.3.74, 11.42; ἔ. τόδε, of the Erinyes, A.Eu. 366 (lyr.).

2 after Hom., nation, people, τὸ Μηδικὸν ἔ. ( γένος being a subdivision of ἔθνος) Hdt.1.101; ἔ. ἠπειρογενές, μαχαιροφόρον, A.Pers.43, 56 (anap.), etc.;

τῶν μηδισάντων ἐθνέων τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν Hdt.9.106

.

b later, τὰ ἔ. foreign, barbarous nations, opp. Ἕλληνες, Arist.Pol. 1324b10; ἔ. νομάδων, of Bedawîn, LW 2203 ([place name] Syria); at Athens, athletic clubs of non-Athenians, IG2.444, al.; in LXX, non-Jews, Ps.2.1, al., cf. Act.Ap.7.45; Gentiles, τῶν ἐθνῶν τε καὶ Ἰουδαίων ib.14.5, etc.; used of Gentile Christians, Ep. Rom.15.27.

c at Rome, = provinciae, App.BC2.13, Hdn.1.2.1, PStrassb.22.19 (iii A. D.), D.C.36.41, etc.: so in sg., province,

ὁ τυραννήσας τοῦ ἔθνους D.Chr.43.11

; ὁ ἡγούμενος τοῦ ἔθνους the governor of the province, POxy.1020.5 (iii A. D.).

3 class of men, caste, tribe, τὸ Θετταλῶν.. πενεστικὸν ἔ. Pl.Lg. 776d;

ἔθνος κηρυκικόν Id.Plt. 290b

; οἶσθά τι ἔ. ἠλιθιώτερον ῥαψῳδῶν; X.Smp.3.6; δημιουργικὸν ἔ. Pl.Grg. 455b, cf. Arist.Ath.3;

ἔ. βραχμάνων D.S.17.102

; τὰ ἱερὰ ἔ. the orders of priests, OGI90.17 (ii B. C.); trade-associations or guilds,

ἔθνη καὶ ἐργαστήρια PPetr.3p.67

(iii B. C.), al.; class in respect to rank or station,

οὐ πρὸς τοῦτο βλέποντες.. ὅπως.. ἕν τι ἔ. ἔσται διαφερόντως εὔδαιμον Pl.R. 420b

, cf. 421c, D.21.131.

4 sex, θῆλυ, ἄρρεν ἔ., X.Oec.7.26.

5 part, member, Hp.Loc.Hom.1.

II of a single person, a relation, Pi.N.5.43.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `favorable, gentile, sweet' (Emp., Anacr.)

Dialectal forms: Dor. προσᾱνής

Derivatives: προσήνεια (Hp.), προσηνεύομαι = σαίνω (Η.)

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [47] * h₂enos `face'

Etymology: As ἀπηνής and πρηνής from a word for `face'.

Γερασηνός, ή, όν from Gerasa, a city in Perea, east of the Jordan, about 53 km. SE of Lake Genessaret; ὁ Γ. the Gerasene (s. Joseph. index Niese; Schürer II 149–55; Dalman, PJ 1907–12; HGuthe, Gerasa [D. Land der Bibel III 1, 2] 1919; JStarr, A New Jewish Source for Gerasa: JBL 53, ’34, 167–69; CKraeling, Gerasa ’38.—The word is found Stephan. Byz. s.v. Βάργασα and Γέρασα; IGR IV, 374, 11). Readings antedating Origen Mt 8:28 v.l.; Mk 5:1 (HSahlin, Studia Theolog. 18, ’64, 159–72: Gentile emphasis in the pericope); Lk 8:26, 37 (s. the foll. entry and Γαδαρηνός).—EDNT. PECS 348–49. M-M.

Δεκάπολις, εως, ἡ (Jos., Bell. 3, 446; IGR III, 1057, 5) Decapolis name of a league orig. consisting of ten cities (αἱ δέκα πόλεις: Jos., Vi. 341f), whose region (except for Scythopolis) lay east of the Jordan. Damascus marked the boundary to the north, Philadelphia to the south. Mt 4:25; Mk 5:20; 7:31.—Schürer II 125–58; on the gentile cults II 36–39; HGuthe, D. griech.-röm. Städte d. Ostjordanlandes 1918; Kl.-Pauly I 1436f; BHHW 1, 332f. HBietenhard, Die Syrischen Dekapolis von Pompeius bis Traian: ANRW II/8, ’77, 220–61; SEG XLII, 1484 (sources and lit.). OEANE II 127–30.—M-M.

διαστολή, ῆς, ἡ (s. διαστέλλω; in var. senses since Anaximander 23 [? s. Aetius 3, 3, 1]; Eupolis, Fgm. 11, 15 Demiańczuk; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 4:4; EpArist, Philo; Just., D. 20, 2) difference, distinction (so Chrysipp.: Stoic. II 158; Philod., De Pietate 123G; Ex 8:19 δώσω δ.; Philo, Mos. 2, 158—New Docs 2, 80 notes lack of evidence for this sense in ins and pap) Ro 3:22; δ. Ἰουδαίου τε καὶ Ἕλληνος distinction betw. a Jew and a Gentile 10:12. ἐὰν διαστολὴν τοῖς φθόγγοις μὴ δῷ if they (musical instruments) make no clear distinction in their tones 1 Cor 14:7 (s. Straub 83f).—DELG s.v. στέλλω. M-M. TW.

οὐράνιος, ον (οὐρανός; Hom.+.—An adj. of two endings B-D-F §59, 2; W-S. §11, 1; Mlt-H. 157; Attic wr. predom. form the fem. in-ία) belonging to heaven, coming from or living in heaven, heavenly (Diod S 6, 2, 8 τοὺς οὐρανίους θεούς; IAndrosIsis, Hymn to Anubis fr. Chios 1 p. 139; SEG VIII, 2 [117/18 A.D.] θεοῦ ἁγίου οὐρανίου; other exx. of οὐ. as a designation of gentile deities: Syria 6, 1925, p. 355, 4; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 130; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 254f τ. οὐρανίους θεούς; SibOr 3, 19; 286 θεὸς οὐ.—ἡ οὐ. φωνή Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 1]; παράδειγμα πόλεως οὐρανίας Orig., C. Cels. 5, 43, 18; ἀναστὰς … οὐράνιον ἕξεις πολιτείαν Did., Gen. 104, 19) ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν (or μου) ὁ οὐράνιος (Just., A I, 15, 8) Mt 5:48; 6:14, 26, 32; 15:13; 18:35 (v.l. ἐπουράνιος); 23:9. Cp. 1 Cor 15:47 v.l. στρατιὰ οὐράνιος the heavenly host or army (=צְבָא הַשָׁמַיִם 3 Km 22:19 ἡ στρατιὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ; ἡ οὐρανία στρατιά Orig., C. Cels. 8, 67, 15) Lk 2:13 (v.l. οὐρανοῦ). ἡ οὐράνιος ὀπτασία the heavenly vision Ac 26:19. ἡ οὐράνιος βασιλεία = ἡ βας. τῶν οὐρανῶν MPol 22:3.—M-M. TW.

πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ (Hom.+) acc. somet. πατέραν (ApcEsdr 2:6 p. 25, 26 Tdf.); voc. πάτερ; for this the nom. w. the art. ὁ πατήρ Mt 11:26; Mk 14:36; Lk 10:21b; Ro 8:15; Gal 4:6.—The vv.ll. πατήρ without the art. for the voc., in J 17:11, 21, 24, and 25 is regarded by B-D-F §147, 3 as a scribal error (but as early as II A.D. BGU 423, 11 has κύριέ μου πατήρ. Perh. even PPar 51, 36 [159 B.C.]). S. also W-S. §29, 4b and Mlt-H. 136; ‘father’.

① the immediate biological ancestor, parent

ⓐ male, father (of Noah Did., Gen. 165, 6) Mt 2:22; 4:21f; 8:21; 10:21; Mk 5:40; 15:21; Lk 1:17 (after Mal 3:23); J 4:53; Ac 7:14; 1 Cor 5:1; B 13:5 al. οἱ τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρες our physical fathers Hb 12:9a.

ⓑ male and female together as parents οἱ πατέρες parents (Pla., Leg. 6, 772b; Dionys. Hal. 2, 26; Diod S 21, 17, 2; X. Eph. 1, 11; 3, 3; Kaibel 227) Hb 11:23.—Eph 6:4; Col 3:21 (Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1089 of parents who are inclined to become λίην δύσζηλοι toward their children).

② one from whom one is descended and generally at least several generations removed, forefather, ancestor, progenitor, forebear: of Abraham (Jos., Ant. 14, 255 Ἀ., πάντων Ἑβραίων πατήρ; Just., D. 100, 3) Mt 3:9; Lk 1:73; 16:24; J 8:39, 53, 56; Ac 7:2b. Of Isaac Ro 9:10. Jacob J 4:12 (JosAs 22:5). David Mk 11:10; Lk 1:32. Pl. οἱ πατέρες the forefathers, ancestors (Hom. et al.; oft. LXX; En 99:14; PsSol 9:10; ParJer 4:10; Jos., Ant. 13, 297; Just., D. 57, 2 and 136, 3; Mel., P. 87, 654) Mt 23:30, 32; Lk 1:55; 6:23, 26; 11:47f; J 4:20; 6:31; Ac 3:13, 25; Hb 1:1; 8:9 (Jer 38:32); B 2:7 (Jer 7:22); 5:7; 14:1; PtK 2 p. 15, 6 (Jer 38:32).

③ one who provides moral and intellectual upbringing, father

ⓐ in a positive sense (Epict. 3, 22, 81f: the Cynic superintends the upbringing of all pers. as their πατήρ; Procop. Soph., Ep. 13; Ael. Aristid. 47 p. 425 D.: Pla. as τῶν ῥητόρων π. καὶ διδάσκαλος; Aristoxenus, Fgm. 18: Epaminondas is the ἀκροατής of the Pythagorean Lysis and calls him πατήρ; Philostrat., Vi. Soph. 1, 8 p. 10, 4 the διδάσκαλος as πατήρ) ἐὰν μυρίους παιδαγωγοὺς ἔχητε ἐν Χριστῷ, ἀλλʼ οὐ πολλοὺς πατέρας 1 Cor 4:15 (cp. GrBar 13:4 εἰς πνευματικοὺς πατέρας; on the subject matter ADieterich, Mithraslit. 1903, 52; 146f; 151; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 40: ‘he [the “mystes”] by these teachings becomes the parent of the novice. We find undoubted examples of πατήρ as a title in the Isis cult in Delos, in the Phrygian mystery communities, in the Mithras cult, in the worshipers of the θεὸς ὕψιστος and elsewh.’). Of Jesus ὡς πατὴρ υἱοὺς ἡμᾶς προσηγόρευσεν as a father he called us (his) sons 2 Cl 1:4 (cp. Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 19; ὁ Χριστὸς π. τῶν πιστευόντων ὑπάρχει Did., Gen. 106, 6.—ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ὁ π. [=founder] τῆς τοιαύτης διδασκαλίας Orig., C. Cels. 2, 44, 32).

ⓑ in a neg. sense of the devil (for patristic trad. s. Lampe s.v. πατήρ D)

α. as father of a group of Judeans J 8:44ab, as verdict on the sin of the opposition to God’s purpose in Jesus, not on the person (cp. descriptions of dissidents at Qumran, esp. 1QS and 1QH, w. focus on aspect of deception).

β. as father of lies (Celsus 2, 47 as π. τῆς κακίας) vs. 44c (on πατήρ in the sense of ‘originator’ cp. Caecil. Calact., Fgm. 127 ὁ π. τοῦ λόγου=the author of the book). On the view that in 44a and c there might be a statement about the father of the devil s. Hdb.³ ad loc. (NDahl, EHaenchen Festschr. ’64, 70–84 [Cain]).—LDürr, Geistige Vaterrschaft in: Herwegen Festschr. ’38, 1–30.

④ a title of respectful address, father

ⓐ as an honorary title (Diod S 21, 12, 2; 5; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 14, 2 πάτερ; 4 Km 2:12; 6:21; 13:14; Test Abr B 2 p. 106, 3 [Stone p. 60] καλὲ πάτερ; Jos., Ant. 12, 148; 13, 127; Just., D. 3, 7. Also PGen 52, 1; 5 κυρίῳ καὶ πατρὶ Ἀμινναίῳ Ἀλύπιος; UPZ 65, 3 [154 B.C.]; 70, 2; BGU 164, 2; POxy 1296, 15; 18; 1592, 3; 5; 1665, 2) Mt 23:9a; specif. in addressing the members of the High Council Ac 7:2a; cp. 22:1 (of Job in TestJob 53:3 ὁ πατὴρ τῶν ὀρφανῶν).

ⓑ as a designation of the older male members of a church (as respectful address by younger people to their elders Hom. et al. S. also a.) 1J 2:13, 14b.

⑤ revered deceased persons with whom one shares beliefs or traditions, fathers, ancestors

ⓐ generation(s) of deceased Christians 2 Pt 3:4; 1 Cl 23:3=2 Cl 11:2 (an apocryphal saying, at any rate interpreted in this way by the Christian writers). Christians of an earlier generation could also be meant in 1 Cl 30:7; 60:4; 62:2; 2 Cl 19:4. Yet it is poss. that these refer to

ⓑ the illustrious religious heroes of the OT, who are ‘ancestors’ even to gentile Christians, who are validated as Israelites (Just., D. 101, 1). In 1 Cor 10:1 Paul calls the desert generation of Israelites οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν (the ‘philosophers’ of earlier times are so called in Cleopatra 114f). Likew. Ro 4:12b Abraham ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν (on this s. c below). The latter is also so referred to Js 2:21; 1 Cl 31:2; likew. the patriarch Jacob 4:8.

ⓒ the ‘fatherhood’ can also consist in the fact that the one who is called ‘father’ is the prototype of a group or the founder of a class of persons (cp. Pla., Menex. 240e οὐ μόνον τῶν σωμάτων τῶν ἡμετέρων πατέρας ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἐλευθερίας; 1 Macc 2:54). Abraham who, when he was still uncircumcised, received the promise because of his faith, and then received circumcision to seal it, became thereby πατὴρ πάντων τῶν πιστευόντων διʼ ἀκροβυστίας father of all those who believe, though they are uncircumcised Ro 4:11 and likew. πατὴρ περιτομῆς father of those who are circumcised vs. 12a, insofar as they are not only circumcised physically, but are like the patriarch in faith as well. Cp. 4:16, 17 (Gen 17:5).

⑥ the supreme deity, who is responsible for the origin and care of all that exists, Father, Parent (Just., A II, 6, 2 τὸ δὲ πατὴρ καὶ θεὸς καὶ κτίστης καὶ κύριος καὶ δεσπότης οὐκ ὀνόματά ἐστιν, ἀλλʼ … προσφήσεις ‘the terms, father, god, founder, lord, and master are not names but … modes of address [in recognition of benefits and deeds])

ⓐ as the originator and ruler (Pind., O. 2, 17 Χρόνος ὁ πάντων π.; Pla., Tim. 28c; 37c; Stoa: Epict. 1, 3, 1; Diog. L. 7, 147; Maximus Tyr. 2, 10a; Galen XIX p. 179 K. ὁ τῶν ὅλων πατὴρ ἐν θεοῖς; Job 38:28; Mal 2:10; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 96 τῷ τοῦ κόσμου πατρί; 2, 6 τὸν ποιητὴν καὶ πατέρα τῶν ὅλων, Ebr. 30; 81, Virt. 34; 64; 179; 214; Jos., Ant. 1, 20 πάντων πατήρ; 230; 2, 152; 7, 380 πατέρα τε καὶ γένεσιν τῶν ὅλων; Herm. Wr. 1, 21 ὁ πατὴρ ὅλων … ὁ θεὸς κ. πατήρ; 30 al., also p. 476, 23 Sc. δεσπότης καὶ πατὴρ καὶ ποιητής; PGM 4, 1170; 1182; Just., A I, 45, 1 ὁ π. τῶν πάντων θεός; D. 95, 2 ὁ πατὴρ τῶν ὅλων; Ath. 27, 2; Iren.; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 46, 34; Hippolyt.; π. δὲ δὶα τὸ εἶναι πρὸ τῶν ὅλων Theoph. Ant. 1, 4 [p. 64, 8]) ὁ πατὴρ τῶν φώτων the father of the heavenly bodies Js 1:17 (cp. ApcMos 36 v.l. [MCeriani, Monumenta Sacra et Profana V/1, 1868] ἐνώπιον τοῦ φωτὸς τῶν ὅλων, τοῦ πατρὸς τῶν φώτων; 38).

ⓑ as ὁ πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9b (cp. Num 16:22; 27:16 and in En the fixed phrase ‘Lord of the spirits’).—SeePKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, p. 33, 1.

ⓒ as father of humankind (since Hom. Ζεύς is called πατήρ or πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε; Diod S 5, 72, 2 πατέρα δὲ [αὐτὸν προσαγορευθῆναι] διὰ τὴν φροντίδα καὶ τὴν εὔνοιαν τὴν εἰς ἅπαντας, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὸ δοκεῖν ὥσπερ ἀρχηγὸν εἶναι τοῦ γένους τῶν ἀνθρώπων=‘[Zeus is called] father because of his thoughtfulness and goodwill toward all humanity, and because, moreover, he is thought of as originator of the human race’, cp. 3, 61, 4; 5, 56, 4; Dio Chrys. 36 [53], 12 Zeus as π. τῶν ἀνθρώπων, not only because of his position as ruler, but also because of his love and care [ἀγαπῶν κ. προνοῶν]. Cp. Plut., Mor. 167d; Jos., Ant. 4, 262 πατὴρ τοῦ παντὸς ἀνθρώπων γένους. In the OT God is called ‘Father’ in the first place to indicate a caring relationship to the Israelite nation as a whole, or to the king as the embodiment of the nation. Only in late writers is God called the Father of the pious Israelite as an individual: Sir 23:1, 4; Tob 13:4; Wsd 2:16; 14:3; 3 Macc 5:7.—Bousset, Rel.³ 377ff; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 384–92; RGyllenberg, Gott d. Vater im AT u. in d. Predigt Jesu: Studia Orient. I 1925, 51–60; JLeipoldt, D. Gotteserlebnis Jesu 1927; AWilliams, ‘My Father’ in Jewish Thought of the First Century: JTS 31, 1930, 42–47; TManson, The Teaching of Jesus, ’55, 89–115; HMontefiore, NTS 3, ’56/57, 31–46 [synoptics]; BIersel, ‘D. Sohn’ in den synopt. Ev., ’61, 92–116).

α. as a saying of Jesus ὁ πατήρ σου Mt 6:4, 6b, 18b. ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν Mt 6:15; 10:20, 29; 23:9b; Lk 6:36; 12:30, 32; J 20:17c. ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῶν (=τῶν δικαίων) Mt 13:43. ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ ἐν (τοῖς) οὐρανοῖς (the synagogue also spoke of God as ‘Father in Heaven’; Bousset, Rel.³ 378) Mt 5:16, 45; 6:1; 7:11; Mk 11:25. ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος Mt 5:48; 6:14, 26, 32. Cp. 23:9b. ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ Lk 11:13. ὁ πατήρ σου ὁ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ (or κρυφαίῳ) Mt 6:6a, 18a.—For the evangelist the words πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς Mt 6:9 refer only to the relation betw. God and humans, though Jesus perh. included himself in this part of the prayer. The same is true of πάτερ ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου Lk 11:2 (for invocation in prayer cp. Simonides, Fgm. 13, 20 Ζεῦ πάτερ).—ELohmeyer, D. Vaterunser erkl. ’46 (Eng. tr. JBowden, ’65); TManson, The Sayings of Jesus, ’54, 165–71; EGraesser, Das Problem der Parusieverzögerung in den synopt. Ev. usw., Beih. ZNW 22, ’57, 95–113; AHamman, La Prière I, Le NT, ’59, 94–134; JJeremias, Das Vaterunser im Lichte der neueren Forschung, ’62 (Eng. tr., The Lord’s Prayer, JReumann, ’64); WMarchel, Abba, Père! La Prière ’63; also bibl. in JCharlesworth, ed., The Lord’s Prayer and Other Prayer Texts fr. the Greco-Roman Era ’94, 186–201.

β. as said by Christians (Sextus 59=222; 225 God as π. of the pious. The servant of Sarapis addresses God in this way: Sb 1046; 3731, 7) in introductions of letters ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν: Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3, cp. vs. 4; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; Phlm 3; 2 Th 1:2 (v.l. without ἡμῶν); without ἡμῶν 1 Ti 1:2 (v.l. with ἡμῶν); 2 Ti 1:2; Tit 1:4; 2J 3a (here vs 3b shows plainly that it is not ‘our’ father, but the Father of Jesus Christ who is meant).—πατὴρ ἡμῶν also Phil 4:20; 1 Th 1:3; 3:11, 13; 2 Th 2:16; D 8:2; 9:2f. τὸν ἐπιεικῆ καὶ εὔσπλαγχνον πατέρα ἡμῶν 1 Cl 29:1. Likew. we have the Father of the believers Ro 8:15 (w. αββα, s. JBarr, Abba Isn’t Daddy: JTS 39, ’88, 28–47; s. also JFitzmyer, Ro [AB] ad loc.); 2 Cor 1:3b (ὁ πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν; s. οἰκτιρμός); 6:18 (cp. 2 Km 7:14); Gal 4:6; Eph 4:6 (πατὴρ πάντων, as Herm. Wr. 5, 10); 1 Pt 1:17. ὁ οἰκτίρμων καὶ εὐεργετικὸς πατήρ 1 Cl 23:1. Cp. 8:3 (perh. fr. an unknown apocryphal book). πάτερ ἅγιε D 10:2 (cp. 8:2; 9:2f).

γ. as said by Judeans ἕνα πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν θεόν J 8:41b. Cp. vs. 42.

ⓓ as Father of Jesus Christ

α. in Jesus’ witness concerning himself ὁ πατήρ μου Mt 11:27a; 20:23; 25:34; 26:29, 39, 42, 53; Lk 2:49 (see ὁ 2g and Goodsp., Probs. 81–83); 10:22a; 22:29; 24:49; J 2:16; 5:17, 43; 6:40 and oft. in J; Rv 2:28; 3:5, 21. ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ πατρός μου 2 Cl 12:6 in an apocryphal saying of Jesus. ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ ἐν (τοῖς) οὐρανοῖς Mt 7:21; 10:32, 33; 12:50; 16:17; 18:10, 19. ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ οὐράνιος 15:13; 18:35 (Just., A I, 15, 8). Jesus calls himself the Human One (Son of Man), who will come ἐν τῇ δόξῃ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ 16:27; Mk 8:38. Abs. ὁ πατήρ, πάτερ Mt 11:25, 26; Mk 14:36 (s. GSchelbert, FZPhT 40, ’93, 259–81; response ERuckstuhl, ibid. 41, ’94, 515–25; response Schelbert, ibid. 526–31); Lk 10:21ab; 22:42; 23:34, 46 (all voc.); J 4:21, 23ab; 5:36ab, 37, 45; 6:27, 37, 45, 46a, 65 and oft. in J. Father and Son stand side by side or in contrast Mt 11:27bc; 24:36; 28:19; Mk 13:32; Lk 10:22bc; J 5:19–23, 26; 1J 1:3; 2:22–24; 2J 9; B 12:8. WLofthouse, Vater u. Sohn im J: ThBl 11, ’32, 290–300.

β. in the confession of the Christians π. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ Ro 15:6; 2 Cor 1:3a; Eph 1:3; Col 1:3; 1 Pt 1:3. π. τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 2 Cor 11:31. Cp. 1 Cor 15:24; Hb 1:5 (2 Km 7:14); Rv 1:6; 1 Cl 7:4; IEph 2:1; ITr ins 12:2; MPol 14:1; AcPl Ha 2, 33; 6, 34; AcPlCor 2:7 (cp. Just., D. 30, 3; 129, 1 al.).

ⓔ Oft. God is simply called (ὁ) πατήρ (the) Father (e.g. TestJob 33:9, s. DRahnenführer, ZNW 62, ’71, 77; ApcMos 35 τοῦ ἀοράτου πατρός; Just., D. 76, 3 al. On the presence or absence of the art. s. B-D-F §257, 3; Rob. 795) Eph 2:18; 3:14; 5:20; 6:23; 1J 1:2; 2:1, 15; 3:1; B 14:6; Hv 3, 9, 10; IEph 3:2; 4:2; IMg 13:2; ITr 12:2; 13:3; IRo 2:2; 3:3; 7:2; 8:2; IPhld 9:1; ISm 3:3; 7:1; 8:1; D 1:5; Dg 12:9; 13:1; AcPlCor 2:5, 19; MPol 22:3; EpilMosq 5. θεὸς π. Gal 1:1 (for the formulation Ἰ. Χρ. καὶ θεὸς πατήρ cp. Diod S 4, 11, 1: Heracles must obey τῷ Διὶ καὶ πατρί; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 35, 3 Λοξίας [=Apollo] καὶ Ζεὺς πατήρ); Phil 2:11; Col 3:17; 1 Th 1:1, 2 v.l.; 2 Pt 1:17; Jd 1; IEph ins a; ISm ins; IPol ins; MPol ins. ὁ θεὸς καὶ π. Js 1:27; Col 3:17 v.l.; MPol 22:1; ὁ κύριος καὶ π. Js 3:9.—Attributes are also ascribed to the πατήρ (Zoroaster acc. to Philo Bybl.: 790 Fgm. 4, 52 Jac. [in Eus., PE 1, 10, 52] God is π. εὐνομίας κ. δικαιοσύνης) ὁ πατὴρ τῆς δόξης Eph 1:17. πατὴρ ὕψιστος IRo ins. ὁ θεὸς καὶ πατὴρ παντοκράτωρ MPol 19:2.—B. 103. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Πέτρος, ου, ὁ (ὁ πέτρος=‘stone’ Hom.+; Jos., Bell. 3, 240, Ant. 7, 142.—Π. as a name can scarcely be pre-Christian, as AMerx, D. vier kanon. Ev. II/1, 1902, 160ff, referring to Jos., Ant. 18, 156 [Niese did not accept the v.l. Πέτρος for Πρῶτος], would have it. But s. ADell [πέτρα 1b] esp. 14–17. Fr. the beginning it was prob. thought of as the Gk. equivalent of the Aram. כֵּיפָא= Κηφᾶς: J 1:42; cp. Mt 16:18 and JWackernagel, Syntax II² 1928, 14f, perh. formed on the analogy of the Gk. male proper name Πέτρων: UPZ 149, 8 [III B.C.]; 135 [78 B.C.]; Plut., Mor. 422d.—A gentile named Πέτρος in Damasc., Vi. Isid. 170. S. also the Praeses Arabiae of 278/79 A.D. Aurelius P.: Publ. Princeton Univ. Arch. Expedition to Syria III A, 1913, 4 no. 546) Peter, surname of the head of the circle of Twelve Disciples, whose name was orig. Simon. His father was a certain John (s. Ἰωάννης 4) or Jonah (s. Ἰωνᾶς 2). Acc. to J 1:44 he himself was from Bethsaida, but, at any rate, when he met Jesus he lived in Capernaum (Mk 1:21, 29). Fr. that city he and his brother Andrew made their living as fishers (Mk 1:16). He was married (Mk 1:30; cp. 1 Cor 9:5), but left his home and occupation, when Jesus called, to follow him (Mk 1:18; 10:28). He belonged to the three or four most intimate of the Master’s companions (Mk 5:37; 9:2; 13:3; 14:33). He stands at the head of the lists of the apostles (Mt 10:2; Mk 3:16; Lk 6:14; Ac 1:13). Not all the problems connected w. the conferring of the name Cephas-Peter upon Simon (s. Σίμων 1) have yet been solved (the giving of a new name and the reason for it: Plato [s. ὀνομάζω 1] and Theophrastus [Vi. Platonis 2 ln. 21 in Biog. p. 388 W.= Prolegom. 1 in CHermann, Pla. VI 196 Θεόφραστος, Τύρταμος καλούμενος πάλαι, διὰ τὸ θεῖον τῆς φράσεως Θ. μετεκλήθη]; CRoth, Simon-Peter HTR 54, ’61, 91–97). He was at least not always a model of rock-like (πέτρος is a symbol of imperturbability Soph., Oed. Rex 334; Eur., Med. 28 al.) firmness (note Gethsemane, the denial, the unsuccessful attempt at walking on water; his conduct at Antioch Gal 2:11ff which, though, is fr. time to time referred to another Cephas; s. KLake, HTR 14, 1921, 95ff; AVöllmecke, Jahrbuch d. Missionshauses St. Gabriel 2, 1925, 69–104; 3, 1926, 31–75; DRiddle, JBL 59, ’40, 169–80; NHuffman, ibid. 64, ’45, 205f; PGaechter, ZKT 72, ’50, 177–212; but s. HBetz, Gal [Hermeneia] p. 105f w. n. 442). Despite all this he was the leader of Jesus’ disciples, was spokesman for the Twelve (e.g. Mt 18:21; 19:27; Mk 8:27ff; Lk 12:41; 18:28) and for the three who were closest to Jesus (Mk 9:5); he was recognized as leader even by those on the outside (Mt 17:24). He is especially prominent in the pronouncement made Mt 16:18. Only in the Fourth Gospel does Peter have a place less prominent than another, in this case the ‘disciple whom Jesus loved’ (s. Hdb. exc. on J 13:23). In connection w. the miraculous events after Jesus’ death (on this ELohmeyer, Galiläa u. Jerusalem ’36; WMichaelis, D. Erscheinungen d. Auferstanden-en ’44; MWerner, D. ntl. Berichte üb. d. Erscheinungen d. Auferstandenen: Schweiz. Theol. Umschau ’44) Pt. played a unique role: 1 Cor 15:5; Lk 24:34; Mk 16:7. He was one of the pillars of the early church (Gal 2:9 [Κηφᾶς]). Three years after Paul was converted, on his first journey to Jerusalem as a Christian, he established a significant contact w. Peter: Gal 1:18. At least until the time described in Gal 2:1–10 (cp. Ac 15:7) he was prob. the head of the early Christian community/church. He was also active as a missionary to Israel Gal 2:8; cp. 1 Cor 9:5 (Κηφᾶς).—MGoguel, L’apôtre Pierre a-t-il joué un role personnel dans les crises de Grèce et de Galatie?: RHPR 14, ’34, 461–500.—In 1 Pt 1:1 and 2 Pt 1:1 he appears as author of an epistle. On Paul’s journey to Rome: Ἀρτέμων ὁ κυβερνήτης τοῦ πλοίου ἦν λελουμένος ὑπὸ Πέτρου Artemon, the ship’s captain, was baptized by Peter AcPl Ha 7, 20. It is probable that he died at Rome under Nero, about 64 A.D..—In the NT he is somet. called Σίμων (q.v. 1; in Ac 15:14 and 2 Pt 1:1 more exactly Συμεών=שִׁמְעוֹן); except for Gal 2:7f Paul always calls him Κηφᾶς (q.v.). Both names Σίμων Π. Mt 16:16; Lk 5:8; J 1:40; 6:8, 68; 13:6, 9, 24, 36; 18:10, 15, 25; 20:2, 6; 21:2f, 7b, 11, 15. Σίμων ὁ λεγόμενος Π. Mt 4:18; 10:2. Σίμων ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος Π. Ac 10:18; 11:13. Σίμων ὸ̔ς ἐπικαλεῖται Π. 10:5, 32.—Outside the NT it is found in our lit. GEb 34, 59; GPt 14:60 (Σίμων Πέτρος); ApcPt Rainer; GMary 463 (2 times); AcPt Ox 849 (4 times); 1 Cl 5:4 (Paul follows in 5:5); 2 Cl 5:3f (a piece fr. an apocr. gosp.); IRo 4:3 (Πέτρος καὶ Παῦλος); ISm 3:2=GHb 356, 39; Papias (2:4, w. other disciples; 15, w. Mark as his ἑρμηνευτής).—Zahn, Einl. II §38–44; KErbes, Petrus nicht in Rom, sondern in Jerusalem gestorben: ZKG 22, 1901, 1ff; 161ff (against him AKneller, ZKT 26, 1902, 33ff; 225ff; 351ff); PSchmiedel, War der Ap. Petrus in Rom?: PM 13, 1909, 59–81; HLietzmann, Petrus u. Pls in Rom² 1927; GEsser, Der hl. Ap. Petrus 1902; CGuignebert, La primauté de St. Pierre et la venue de Pierre à Rome 1909; FFoakes-Jackson, Peter, Prince of Apostles 1927; HDannenbauer, D. röm. Pt-Legende: Hist. Ztschr. 146, ’32, 239–62; 159, ’38, 81–88; KHeussi, War Pt. in Rom? ’36, War Pt. wirklich röm. Märtyrer? ’37, Neues z. Pt.-frage ’39, TLZ 77, ’52, 67–72; HLietzmann, Pt. röm. Märt.: SBBerlAk ’36, XXIX; DRobinson, JBL 64, ’45, 255–67; HSchmutz, Pt. war dennoch in Rom: Benedikt. Monatsschr. 22, ’46, 128–41.—On Mt 16:17–19 s., in addition to the lit. on κλείς 1 and πέτρα 1b: JSchnitzer, Hat Jesus das Papsttum gestiftet? 1910, Das Papsttum eine Stiftung Jesu? 1910; FTillmann, Jesus u. das Papsttum 1910; AKneller, ZKT 44, 1920, 147–69; OLinton, D. Problem der Urkirche ’32, 157–83; KPieper, Jes. u. d. Kirche ’32; AEhrhard, Urkirche u. Frühkatholizismus I 1, ’36.—JMunck, Pt. u. Pls in der Offenb. Joh. ’50 (Rv 11:3–13).—OCullmann, Petrus², ’60 (Eng. tr. Peter, FFilson², ’62), L’apôtre Pierre: NT Essays (TManson memorial vol.), ’59, 94–105; OKarrer, Peter and the Church: an examination of the Cullmann thesis, ’63; RO’Callaghan, Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter: BA 16, ’53, 70–87; AvGerkan, D. Forschung nach dem Grab Petri, ZNW 44, ’52/53, 196–205, Zu den Problemen des Petrusgrabes: JAC ’58, 79–93; GSnyder, BA 32, ’69, 2–24; JGwynGriffiths, Hibbert Journal 55, ’56/57, 140–49; TBarnes, JTS 21, ’70, 175–79; GSchulze-Kadelbach, D. Stellung des P. in der Urchristenheit: TLZ 81, ’56, 1–18 (lit.); PGaechter, Petrus u. seine Zeit, ’58; EKirschbaum, The Tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul (transl. JMurray) ’59; EHaenchen, Petrus-Probleme, NTS 7, ’60/61, 187–97; SAgourides, Πέτρος καὶ Ἰωάννης ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ Εὐαγγελίῳ, Thessalonike, ’66; DGewalt, Petrus, diss. Hdlbg, ’66; RBrown, KDonfried, JReumann edd., Peter in the NT, ’73; CCaragounis, Peter and the Rock (BZNW 58) ’89.—Pauly-W. XIX ’38, 1335–61; Kl. Pauly IV 674–76; BHHW III 1430f. LGPN I. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Πόντιος, ου, ὁ (Diod S 14, 116, 3; Plut.; SIG 797, 2 [37 A.D.]; OGI 656, 4) Pontius, the name of a Roman, originally Samnite gens, going as far back as the Samnite Wars (Cic., De Off. 2, 21, 75; Livy 9, 1), the nomen (middle, or tribal [gentile] name) of Pilate (s. Πιλᾶτος) Mt 27:2 v.l.; Lk 3:1; Ac 4:27; 1 Ti 6:13; IMg 11:1; ITr 9:1; ISm 1:2; Just., A I, 13, 3 al. WSchulze, Zur Geschichte latein. Eigennamen: GGAbh. V/5, 1904; JOllivier, Ponce Pilate et les Pontii: RB 5, 1896, 247–54; 594–600; MStern, The Province of Judaea: CRINT I/1, 68–70; J-PLémonon, Pilate et le gouvernement de la Judée:Textes et monuments, ’81. See Kl. Pauly IV 1048–50.

προσήλυτος, ου, ὁ (cp. ἦλθον; also ἔλευσις) one who has come over from polytheism to Judean religion and practice, convert (so Goodsp., Probs. 36f; the transliterated form ‘proselyte’ NRSV, REB, but only Ac 2:11, otherwise ‘convert’ or ‘worshiper’), a designation for a gentile won for the Israelite community through missionary efforts (the word is found in Apollon. Rhod. 1, 834 [μετοίκους καὶ προσηλύτους] and in the LXX. Plainly in a technical sense in Philo; cp. Spec. Leg. 1, 51 τούτους δὲ καλεῖ προσηλύτους ἀπὸ τοῦ προσεληλυθέναι καινῇ καὶ φιλοθέῳ πολιτείᾳ=these he [apparently Moses] calls ‘proselytes’ because they have ‘proselyted’ to a new state where love of God prevails; Sb 1742 Σάρρα προσήλυτος. Roman grave inscriptions also contain ‘proselytus’ or ‘proselyta’ [Schürer III 162, 55].—Perh. πρ. was used as a t.t. in the Isis cult [=Lat. ‘advena’ in Apuleius, Metam. 11, 26; s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 193]). W. Ἰουδαῖοι Ac 2:11. Of Nicolaus of Antioch 6:5. Of Jewish efforts to proselytize Mt 23:15.—They are to be differentiated fr. the σεβόμενοι τὸν θεόν, who had obligated themselves only to follow certain commandments; in a mixed expr. Ac 13:43 speaks of σεβόμενοι πρ.—ABertholet, Die Stellung der Israeliten u. der Juden zu den Fremden 1896, 257ff; KAxenfeld, Die jüd. Propaganda als Vorläuferin der urchristl. Mission: Missionswissenschaftl. Studien für GWarneck 1904, 1–80; ILevi, Le Prosélytisme juif: REJ 50, 1905, 1 ff; 51, 1906, 1ff; 53, 1907, 56ff; Schürer III 150–76; HGressmann, ZMR 39, 1924, 10ff; 169ff; MMeinertz, Jesus u. die Heidenmission² 1925; Bousset, Rel.³ 76ff; Billerb. I 924ff; II 715; IV 353ff; Harnack, Mission I⁴ 1923, 1–23 (Eng. tr., JMoffatt², 1908, 1–23); GRosen, Juden u. Phönizier 1929; GMoore, Judaism I, 1927, 323–53; FDerwacter, Preparing the Way for Paul 1930; HLietzmann, Gesch. d. Alten Kirche 1, ’32, 68–101; CSchneider, Ntl. Zeitgeschichte ’34, 173–75; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 290–93; WBraude, Jewish Proselyting in the First Five Centuries of the Common Era ’40; SLieberman, Greek in Jewish Palestine ’42: Gentiles and Semi-Proselytes, 68–90; JKlausner, From Jesus to Paul (tr. WStinespring)’43, 31–49; ESimon, Verus Israel ’48; SZeitlin, Proselytes and Proselytism, etc.: HAWolfson-Festschr. ’65, 871–81. Add. bibl., esp. since ’65, Schürer III 1–3; ABD V 505.—Pauly-W., Suppl. IX, 1248–83; Kl. Pauly IV, 1187; BHHW IV 1515.—S. also lit. s.v. σέβω 1b.—DELG s.v. ἐλεύσομαι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Τερέντιος, ου (Lat. gentile name) Terence Ro 16:22 v.l.